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NAUTICAL
CHART USERS MANUAL
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
COMMERCE National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Ocean
Service Washington, DC, 1997 Written by Dr. L. Daniel Maxim and NOAA staff Elibra Electronic
Edition. Distributed by Starpath School of
Navigation TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface and
Acknowledgments....................................................... Chapter 1 Introduction
Background
.................................................................................. The Nautical Chart
User's Manual ................................................... Organization of this
Manual ............................................................ Relevant Facts,
Statistics, and Products ......................................... Purpose of the Nautical
Chart ......................................................... How Does a Nautical
Chart Differ from a Map? ................................. An Illustrative Chart
........................................................... An Illustrative Map
............................................................. User Groups
................................................................................. Efficiency of Chart
Compared to Text .............................................. Chart DistributionWhere
to Purchase Charts ................................ Mail Order Sales
............................................................... Authorized Chart Agents
.................................................... The Nautical Chart Catalog ................................................ Chart Prices and Related
Matters.................................................... Chart Demand
.............................................................................. ECDIS, The End of the
Paper Era? ................................................. Chart-Related
Publications ............................................................. Chart No. 1
....................................................................... Chart Catalogs .................................................................. Dates of Latest Editions
.................................................... Notice to Mariners
............................................................. Local Notice to Mariners .................................................... U. S. Coast Pilot
............................................................... Light List
.......................................................................... Tide Tables and Tidal Current Tables ................................... The Track Ahead
........................................................................... Chapter 2 General
Information and Overview Introduction
.................................................................................. Chart No. 1
................................................................................... Schematic Layout of a
Nautical Chart ............................................. Number, Title, and
Marginal Notes................................................... Latticed
Charts.............................................................................. Edition.......................................................................................... Reconstructed,
Provisional, and Preliminary Charts........................... Importance of Current and Corrected Charts
........................ Source Diagram
............................................................................ Neatline Dimensions
..................................................................... Chart Title, Authorities
Note, and Seal............................................. Projection and
Scale...................................................................... Projections
....................................................................... Chart Scale
...................................................................... Chart Types
...................................................................... A Mix of Charts Necessary
................................................ A Brief Aside, Chart
Storage and Care Rollers versus Folders ....... Linear and Logarithmic
Speed Scales ............................................. Notes and Cautions
....................................................................... Chart Overlap, Insets,
and Related Matters ...................................... Measures to Minimize
Confusion: The Chartmaker's Perspective ....... Measures to Minimize
Confusion: The Navigator's Role ..................... Latitude, Longitude,
Regular, and Skewed Projections ...................... Depth Units and Vertical
Datum ..................................................... Horizontal
Datum........................................................................... Relevance of Horizontal
Datum ....................................................... Direction and Magnetics
................................................................ Compass
Roses............................................................................ Local Magnetic
Disturbance Notes ................................................. Isogonic Lines
.............................................................................. Additional Information
.................................................................... Lettering Styles
(Vertical versus Slant Type) .................................... Use of Color on Charts
.................................................................. Symbols and
Abbreviations ............................................................ Use of Charts
............................................................................... Chapter 3 Topography and
Related Information Introduction and
Overview ............................................................... Utility of this
Information and Implications for Chart Design................. Coastline/Shoreline
...................................................................... Shoreline Plane of Reference
............................................. Apparent Shoreline............................................................. Approximate or Unsurveyed
Shoreline.................................. Flat Coast)
....................................................................... Steep Coast Bluff; Cliff
....................................................... Surveyed Coastline
.......................................................... Other Shoreline Types
....................................................... Foreshore
......................................................................... Chart Sounding Datum Line .............................................. Approximate Sounding Datum Line .................................... Breakers
.......................................................................... Grass .............................................................................. Mud/Sand/Stone or Gravel/Sand and Mud/Sand and
Gravel/Rock/Coral/Rubble......................................... Elevation and Relief
Data................................................................ Land Contours
.................................................................. Approximate Contour Lines
................................................ Peaks and Treetop Elevations
....................................
.. Hachures ......................................................................... Height of Object
................................................................ An Aside: Indirect Use of Terrain Information
........................ Inland Waters
............................................................................... Glaciers
........................................................................... Intermittent Rivers and Streams
.......................................... Lakes and Ponds; Lagoons................................................. Rapids and
Waterfalls........................................................ Rivers and Streams
......................................................... Salt Pan
......................................................................... Trees
........................................................................................... Lava Flow
................................................................................... Vegetation
.............................
...... Marshes and
Swamps.................................................................... Ports and Harbors
......................................................................... Berthing Structures............................................................ Additional Sources
............................................................ Erosion Control Structures
............................................................. Breakwater
..................................................................... Groins
....................................................................
.. Jetties
............................................................................ Seawall
........................................................................... Dikes and Levees
............................................................ Additional Sources
............................................................ Docks and Tidal
Basins.................................................................. Dry Dock, Graving Dock
) ................................................. Tidal Basin
..................................................................... Wet Dock
....................................................................... Additional Sources
............................................................ Bridges
...................................................................
... Bridge Symbols
and Related .........................
...... Hazards Under Bridges
...................................................... Bridge Clearances
........................................................... Names
............................................................................. VHF Radio Capability
........................................................ Additional Sources
............................................................ Locks and Other Barriers
............................................................... Locks
............................................................................ Floodgates, Sills, and Miscellaneous Other
......................... Landing and Launching
Sites ......................................................... Marine Railway
............................................................... Ramps
........................................................................... Artificial Features
.......................................................................... Roads and Related ............................................................ Cable Ferry
.................................................................... Canal
............................................................................. Dam
).............................................................................. Ditch
.............................................................................. Pipelines on Land
........................................................... Railroads
......................................................................... Roads and Road Patterns
..................
. Trails
............................................................................. Tunnel
Entrances............................................................... Buildings and Structures
................................................................ Airports............................................................................. Buildings.......
Illustration......................................................................... Cemeteries........................................................................ Church
Buildings)............................................................... Hospitals .......................................................................... Urban Screen
................................................................... Miscellaneous Stations
................................................................. USCG Stations ................................................................. Fireboat Station
................................................................ Marine Police Stations
...................................................... Pilot Stations .................................................................... Overhead Cables and
Crossings .................................................... Overhead Cable Cars
......................................................... Land Boundaries and
Limits ........................................................... Key Points and
Miscellaneous Comments ...................................... Concluding Comments
.................................................................. Chapter 4 Hydrography and Related
Information
Introduction and
Overview ............................................................... A Brief Aside: Dual Units
................................................... Utility of Hydrographic
and Related Information ................................ Hydrographic Information
............................................................... Common Plane of Reference and Survey Scales
.................. Source Diagrams
.............................................................. Soundings
.................................................................................... The Soundings Selection Challenge
.................................... Selection Criteria for Soundings to be Charted
..................... Charting Practices ............................................................ Depth
curves..................................................
.. Shallow Water Tint(s)
........................................................ Improved (Artificial)
Channels.............................................. Bottom Characteristics
.................................................................. Specific Hazards to
Navigation ....................................................... Danger
Curve................................................................................. Rocks...................................................................
....... Rocks Symbols and Labels
............................................... Bare Rock
........................................................................ Rocks Which Cover and
Uncover......................................... Rocks Awash at the Level of Chart
Datum............................ Sunken
Rocks................................................................... Doubtful Danger Labels ...................................................... Shoals
......................................................................................... Ledges and
Reefs.......................................................................... Foul Area ..................................................................................... Wrecks and Hulks
........................................................................ Wrecks Marked by Buoys
................................................. Obstructions.................................................................................. Natural
Dangers................................................................. Fish Havens Regulated by
State and Federal Permits..
.. Miscellaneous Hazards
................................................................. Unexploded Ordnance
................................................................... Unsurveyed Areas
......................................................................... Dangerous Water Conditions........................................................... Submarine Pipeline and
Cables ..................................................... Submarine Pipelines...................
... Individual Pipelines ............................................................ Pipeline Areas
.................................................................. Submarine Cables
..........................
. Individual Cables
............................................................... Cable Areas
..................................................................... Other Relevant Sources
of Information ............................................. U.S. Coast
Pilot............................................................................. Tide Tables and Tidal
Current Tables ............................................... Notice to Mariners
......................................................................... Local Notice to Mariners
................................................................ Concluding Remarks
..................................................................... Chapter 5 Aids to Navigation
Introduction and
Overview ............................................................... Brief Historical Asides
................................................................... Importance of ATONs in
Coastal Navigation...................................... Importance of Positive
Identification and Related Matters .................. ATONs and Related Chart
Information (General) ............................... Lights
.......................................................................................... Sectors and Related Matters
.............................................. Directional Lights .............................................................. Leading Light
.................................................................... Aeronautical Lights
........................................................... Articulated Lights............................................................... Strobe Lights
.................................................................... Riprap
.............................................................................. Supplemental Information
Regarding Lights and Other ATONs ........... The U.S. Coast Guard Light List
......................................... The U.S. Coast Pilot
......................................................... Published Guides and Other Books
.................................... Buoys .......................................................................................... A Brief Digression: Position Fixing with Buoys
..................... Charted Characteristics
..................................................... Channel Buoys ................................................................. Junction Buoys
................................................................. Mid-channel
Buoys............................................................ Fog
Signals................................................................................... Daybeacons
................................................................................. Ranges......................................................................................... Dredging Ranges
.............................................................. Natural Ranges
................................................................. Radiobeacons and Related
Aids ..................................................... Aeronautical Radiobeacons
................................................ Miscellaneous Related
Information .................................................. Measured Course
..............................................
............ Concluding Remarks
..................................................................... Chapter 6 Landmarks
Introduction and
Overview ............................................................... Importance of Landmarks
in Coastal Navigation ............................... Types of Landmark
........................................................................ Objects Not Normally
Depicted as Landmarks ................................. How Landmarks Are
Depicted on the Chart...................................... Other Sources of Landmark Information
............................... Practical Pointers and
Limitations Relevant to Landmarks................. Pointers............................................................................ Selecting Landmarks For Use ............................................ Limitations
....................................................................... Concluding Comments
.................................................................. Chapter 7 Areas, Limits, Tracks, and Routes
Introduction and
Overview ............................................................... Utility of This
Information ................................................................ Federally Regulated
Areas ..........................................
Regulated Navigation Areas
............................................... Danger Area
..................................................................... Seaplane Restricted and Seaplane Operating Areas....
Restricted Area ................................................................. Safety Zones/Defense Areas/Security Zones
....................... Relevance to the Mariner
................................................... Examples
......................................................................... Illustrative Regulations
....................................................... Summary.......................................................................... Civil Reservations
.......................................................................... Relevance to the Mariner
................................................... Federally Regulated
Anchorage Areas/Grounds................................ Anchorage Grounds
.......................................................... Special Anchorage Areas
.................................................. Fairway Anchorages
.......................................................... Relevance to the Mariner
................................................... Non-federally Regulated
Anchorages................................................ Harbors of Refuge
........................................................................ Dumping/Disposal Areas
............................................................... EPA Established
Dumping Areas
......................
.. Navy Established
Dumping Areas ................................... U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Areas
.................................. Dumping
Grounds.............................................................. Relevance to the Mariner
................................................... Illustration......................................................................... COLREGS Demarcation Line
......................................................... Degaussing Range
....................................................................... Maritime
Boundaries...................................................................... International Boundaries
................................................... Exclusive Economic Zone
.................................................. Closing Line/Three Nautical Mile Line/ Territorial Sea and
Contiguous Zone ................
.. Traffic Separation
Schemes and Related Matters ............................. Additional Information
........................................................ Relevance to the Mariner
................................................... Smaller Vessels
............................................................... Course Lines
................................................................................ Courses..................................................................
.. Concluding Comments
.................................................................. Appendix A Glossary
.................................................................. Appendix B Abbreviations Part I Index of
Abbreviations (Section V of Chart No. 1) ..................... Part II Index of
Abbreviations supplementary National Abbreviations (Section V
of Chart No. 1).....................................
.. Part III International
Abbreviations (Section W of Chart No. 1) ............ Part IV Abbreviations
used this Manual, NM, LNM, Light List, Broadcast
Notice To Mariners, Nautical
Chart Catalog, or Dates of Latest Editions ........
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